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GRASSLAND AGRICULTURE IN CHINA—A REVIEW

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期页码 35-44

摘要：

• Grassland-based livestock production systems cover large areas in China.

• China is facing degradation of rangeland and has great shortage of forage.

• Five types of mixed crop-livestock systems in China described.

• Improving crop–livestock integration requires S&T and policy supports.

Interactions between crops and livestock have been at the core of the evolution of many agricultural systems. In this paper, we review the development and characteristics of mixed crop-livestock systems, with a focus on grassland-based systems, as these cover large areas in China, and face several challenges. Following the transition from the original hunting and foraging systems to a sedentary lifestyle with integrated crop-livestock production systems some 8000 years ago, a range of different mixed systems have developed, depending on rainfall, solar radiation and temperature, culture and markets. We describe 5 main types of integrated systems, (1) livestock and rangeland, (2) livestock and grain production, (3) livestock and crop – grassland rotations, (4) livestock, crops and forest (silvo-pasture), and (5) livestock, crops and fish ponds. Next, two of these mixed systems are described in greater detail, i.e., the mountain-oasis-desert system and its modifications in arid and semi-arid regions, and the integrated crop-livestock production systems on the Loess Plateau. In general, crop-livestock interactions in integrated systems have significant positive effects on crop production, livestock production, energy use efficiency and economic profitability. We conclude that improved integration of crop-livestock production systems is one of the most important ways for achieving a more sustainable development of animal agriculture in China.

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GRASSLAND AGRICULTURE IN CHINA—A REVIEW

Fujiang HOU, Qianmin JIA, Shanning LOU, Chuntao YANG, Jiao NING, Lan LI, Qingshan FAN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期页码 35-44 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020378

摘要： Interactions between crops and livestock have been at the core of the evolution of many agricultural systems. In this paper, we identify the development and characteristics of mixed crop-livestock systems, with a focus on grassland-based systems, as these cover large areas in China, and face several challenges. Following the transition from the original hunting and foraging systems to a sedentary lifestyle with integrated crop-livestock production systems some 8000 years ago, a range of different mixed systems have developed, depending on rainfall, solar radiation and temperature, culture and markets. We describe 5 main types of integrated systems: (1) livestock and rangeland, (2) livestock and grain production, (3) livestock and crop – grassland rotations, (4) livestock, crops and forest (silvo-pasture), and (5) livestock, crops and fish ponds. Next, two of these mixed systems are described in greater detail, i.e., the mountain-oasis-desert system and its modifications in arid and semi-arid regions, and the integrated crop-livestock production systems on the Loess Plateau. In general, crop-livestock interactions in integrated systems have significant positive effects on crop production, livestock production, energy use efficiency and economic profitability. We conclude that improved integration of crop-livestock production systems is one of the most important ways for achieving a more sustainable development of animal agriculture in China.

关键词： food security ruminant agriculture herbivove agriculture crop-livestock interaction energy balance analysis

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Allocation of grassland, livestock and arable based on the spatial and temporal analysis for food demand

Huilong LIN, Ruichao LI, Yifan LIU, Jingrong ZHANG, Jizhou REN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第1期页码 69-80 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017140

摘要： To explore the distribution of food demand and the projected trend in future food demand in China, this paper analyzed the change in current (1998–2012) per-capita demand for grain, grain-consuming and herbivorous livestock products, and predicted the food demand in 2020. The results indicated that in 1998–2012, the national per-capita consumption of grain ration declined by about 36.66%, and the per-capita consumption of grain-consu-ming and herbivorous livestock products increased by about 48% and 34.09%, respectively. The grain-consu-ming livestock products have become the primary source of both calories and protein for consumers. The proportion of herbivorous livestock products in consumer diets has increased steadily and there has been huge potential in substituting beef and mutton for pork in this dynamic market. The demand for food in different provinces of China is highly variable, which is important for planning grassland agriculture development and ensuring food safety. The demand for grain, and grain-consuming and herbivorous livestock products will increase by about 3.3%, 20% and 14% respectively by 2020. Based on the food demand and trend in the development of grassland agriculture, the 31 provinces in China are divided into three priority groups for grassland agriculture development.

关键词： arable land equivalent unit (ALEU) food equivalent unit (FEU) food security grassland agriculture time trend prediction

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新形势下发展草地农业保障食物安全的战略思考

张岩 ,黄毅 ,刘颖 ,范玉兵 ,彭京伦 ,唐增 ,夏超 ,南志标

《中国工程科学》 2023年第25卷第4期页码 73-80 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.04.007

摘要： Journal of Integrative Agriculture , 2017 , 16 12 : 2933 ‒ 2944 ‍.strong>Corresponding author:Zhang Yan is an associate professor from the College of Pastoral AgricultureHis major research fields include agricultural economics, grassland economics.

关键词：草地农业；食物安全；贡献潜力；畜牧业；饲料粮供应

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China’s new problems of food security revealed by the Food Equivalent Unit

Huilong LIN,Ruichao LI,Cangyu JIN,Chong WANG,Maohong WEI,Jizhou REN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第1期页码 69-76 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014023

摘要： China's food security has a great influence on the world, and has always been the top priority in China. In recent years, as the concept of food security is evolving into one of nutrition security and the importance of food diversity is increasing, research based on nutrition security and broad food systems are increasingly needed in today’s China. Thus, not only grain for human consumption, but also animal foods have been integrated into the Food Equivalent, which is used to analyze China’s current agriculture system and reveal the water resource distribution. The results indicated that the average animal food consumption has risen by 78.6%, and now China’s daily supply of animal food per capita has reached about 50% of that in the USA and 80% of that in the South Korea. So there exist an obvious disparity in animal food supply between China and these two countries. It is impossible for the China’s current agricultural system to achieve the level in the USA. Under China’s current agricultural system, the consumption proportion of feed grain had surpassed the consumption of food grain, increased sharply from 33% in 1992 to 67% in 2011. However, the growth potential of total grain output is approaching an upper limit, so the continued growth of feed grain demand exerts great pressure on the China’s food supply. The discordance of the spatial distribution of water resource and virtual water revealed that China’s current agriculture system had a low efficiency in being able to achieve food and nutrition security. China’s current “grain farming” cannot meet the demand of increasing nutrition and appropriate resource utilization. The implementation of grassland agriculture appears feasible and necessary for saving feed grain, providing a large number of high-quality animal foods and appropriate water resource utilization.

关键词： food security nutrition security food equivalent unit grassland agriculture China

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我国草地的固碳功能

高树琴,赵霞,方精云

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第1期页码 73-79 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.01.010

摘要：

本文通过综述当前我国草地碳库的研究成果，并利用1982—2011年的遥感影像，估算出我国草地生态系统碳库约为31.2 PgC，其中96 %储存于土壤中。由于我国草地类型多样，分布地域广阔，造成草地植被碳密度分布的空间异质性很高。内蒙古是草地植被碳库最大的省份，其次是西藏和青海，六大牧区的植被碳库占全国草地植被碳库总量的71 %。然而，我国90 %的天然草地发生不同程度的退化，采取有效的人工管理措施和实施重大的生态建设工程，均对草地碳库的恢复具有明显的作用，说明我国草地有很大的碳汇潜力。

关键词：草地植被碳储量土壤碳储量草地退化固碳潜力

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Using balance of seasonal herbage supply and demand to inform sustainable grassland management on the

Xinquan ZHAO, Liang ZHAO, Qi LI, Huai CHEN, Huakun ZHOU, Shixiao XU, Quanmin DONG, Gaolin WU, Yixin HE

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第1期页码 1-8 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2018203

摘要： To mitigate the impacts of grassland degradation on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), in recent decades China has been implementing large-scale conservation programs and has invested about 42 billion CNY (7 billion USD). However, these programs are faced with major challenges involving trade-offs between ecological function, livestock production and income of pastoralists. Scientific assessments, as well as technical and policy issues, have not fully captured the complex ecological, social and economic dynamics of the challenges facing grassland management on the QTP. Pastoral livestock production on the QTP is characterized by imbalance in both quality and quantity between livestock seasonal nutrient requirements and herbage production, which forces pastoralists to keep larger numbers of livestock for longer periods, leading to overgrazing. To solve these problems, an integrated crop-livestock system is promoted to improve the efficiency of livestock production and conserve natural grassland as well for a sustainable system for the QTP.

关键词： ecosystem function grassland degradation grassland management integrated rangeland-cropland-livestock production system Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

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INTENSIFICATION OF GRASSLAND-BASED DAIRY PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON LAND, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期

摘要：

• Monitoring data of>5000 dairy farms collected and examined in uniform manner.

• Environmental performances of farms influenced by government regulations.

• N and P surpluses at farm level remained about constant with intensity level.

• N and P use efficiencies at farm, herd and soil increased with intensity level.

• Accounting for externalization of off-farm feed production affects NUE and PUE.

• Ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification.

Many grassland-based dairy farms are intensifying production, i.e., produce more milk per ha of land in response to the increasing demand for milk (by about 2% per year) in a globalized market. However, intensive dairy farming has been implicated for its resources use, ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions, and eutrophication impacts. This paper addresses the question of how the intensity of dairy production relates to N and P surpluses and use efficiencies on farms subjected to agri-environmental regulations. Detailed monitoring data were analyzed from 2858 grassland-based dairy farms in The Netherlands for the year 2015. The farms produced on average 925 Mg·yr⁻¹ milk. Milk production per ha ranged from<10 to>30 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹. Purchased feed and manure export strongly increased with the level of intensification. Surpluses of N and P at farm level remained constant and ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification. In conclusion, N and P surpluses did not differ much among dairy farms greatly differing in intensity due to legal N and P application limits and obligatory export of manure surpluses to other farms. Further, N and P use efficiencies also did not differ among dairy farms differing in intensity provided the externalization of feed production was accounted for. This paper provides lessons for proper monitoring and control of N and P cycling in dairy farming.

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保障我国草地生态与食物安全的战略和政策

“中国草地生态保障与食物安全战略研究”项目组

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第1期页码 8-16 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.01.002

摘要：

草地是我国面积最大的陆地生态系统，在保障国家生态安全、食物安全和弘扬中华草原文明中具有突出的战略地位。本文分析了我国草地资源、草地生态功能、生产力的现状和变动趋势及其主要的影响因素，阐述了目前和未来我国草地生态保障、草地生产力和草牧业发展面临的机遇、挑战和潜力。在以上内容分析的基础上，提出了我国保障草地生态安全和发展草牧业的战略目标、战略重点、关键措施和主要政策建议。

关键词：草地生态保障食物安全发展战略政策建议

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INTENSIFICATION OF GRASSLAND-BASED DAIRY PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON LAND, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS

Jouke OENEMA, Oene OENEMA

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期页码 130-147 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020376

摘要： Many grassland-based dairy farms are intensifying production, i.e., produce more milk per ha of land in response to the increasing demand for milk (by about 2% per year) in a globalized market. However, intensive dairy farming has been implicated for its resources use, ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions, and eutrophication impacts. This paper addresses the question of how the intensity of dairy production relates to N and P surpluses and use efficiencies on farms subjected to agri-environmental regulations. Detailed monitoring data were analyzed from 2858 grassland-based dairy farms in The Netherlands for the year 2015. The farms produced on average 925 Mg·yr milk. Milk production per ha ranged from<10 to>30 Mg·ha ·yr . Purchased feed and manure export strongly increased with the level of intensification. Surpluses of N and P at farm level remained constant and ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification. In conclusion, N and P surpluses did not differ much among dairy farms greatly differing in intensity due to legal N and P application limits and obligatory export of manure surpluses to other farms. Further, N and P use efficiencies also did not differ among dairy farms differing in intensity provided the externalization of feed production was accounted for. This paper provides lessons for proper monitoring and control of N and P cycling in dairy farming.

关键词： ammonia externalization feed forage maize front runners manure production milk yield nitrogen surplus

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China’s Agriculture Green Development: from Concept to Actions

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023512

摘要：

● A target-threshold indicator evaluation system is proposed to measure China’s agriculture transformation.

关键词： agricultural transformation Agriculture Green Development historical trend indicator system theoretical conception

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Policy options for Agriculture Green Development by farmers in China

Laurence E. D. SMITH

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第1期页码 90-97 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019290

摘要：

Farmers are the key agents who manage land and water. Agriculture Green Development (AGD) requires a transformation in farming from high resource consumption and environmental cost to sustainable intensification with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental risk. This paper analyzes the public policy challenge of AGD and makes the case for a location-sensitive policy mix made up of regulation, advice provision, voluntarism and targeted incentives. The public agricultural extension service in China is a key resource, but one that requires reorientation and reform with the aim of better balancing high farm productivity with environmental protection.

关键词： agriculture environment development incentives policy regulation

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2023年度农业前沿

农业项目组

《全球工程前沿》 2023年第7卷第1期页码 181-208

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HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE “CARBON NEUTRALITY AND A LOW CARBON ECONOMY FOR AGRICULTURE”

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第10卷第2期页码 153-154 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023497

摘要： HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE “CARBON NEUTRALITY AND A LOW CARBON ECONOMY FOR AGRICULTURE”

关键词： CARBON ISSUE NEUTRALITY HIGHLIGHTS AGRICULTURE

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Grassland management practices in Chinese steppes impact productivity, diversity and the relationship

Yingjun ZHANG, Wenjie LU, Hao ZHANG, Jiqiong ZHOU, Yue SHEN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第1期页码 57-63 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017192

摘要： Grasslands are crucial parts of the terrestrial ecosystem, with an extremely high differentiation of productivity and diversity across spatial scales and land use patterns. The practices employed to manage grassland, such as grazing, haymaking, fertilization or reseeding, can improve the grassland condition. This study focuses on the changes in productivity and diversity and the relationship between them as affected by management practices. Productivity and diversity have unequivocally been altered in response to different management practices. When grazing intensity of a typical steppe increased from 1.5 to 9 sheep per hectare, both productivity and diversity declined. Higher grazing intensity (6 to 9 sheep per hectare) accelerated loss of diversity because of lower productivity. Productivity was significantly improved but diversity was lost by fertilizing. N fertilization also reduced the sensitivity of diversity to productivity. A similar response was found in mown grassland with increased productivity and diversity but their relationship was negatively affected. Mowing also slowed down the decline in diversity as productivity increased. Reseeding purple-flowered alfalfa led to an increased diversity, while yellow-flowered alfalfa increased productivity significantly. The negative productivity-diversity relationship was transformed to a positive one by reseeding alfalfa. These results enhance understanding of how productivity, diversity and their relationships change in response to altered grassland management practices, and support an integrated approach for improving both productivity and diversity.

关键词： diversity fertilizing grassland management practice grazing mowing productivity reseeding